{"id":7284,"date":"2015-07-07T00:00:45","date_gmt":"2015-07-07T00:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/?p=7284"},"modified":"2015-07-08T04:39:22","modified_gmt":"2015-07-08T04:39:22","slug":"cinquante-nuances-dhistoires-joseph-boulogne-dit-chevalier-saint-george-dit-le-mozart-noir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/?p=7284","title":{"rendered":"Cinquante Nuances d&rsquo;Histoires: Joseph Boulogne dit Chevalier Saint-George, dit \u00ab Le Mozart Noir \u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/?attachment_id=7285#main\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-7285\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-7285\" alt=\"Le mozard noir\" src=\"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Le-mozard-noir.png\" width=\"441\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Le-mozard-noir.png 533w, https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Le-mozard-noir-300x196.png 300w, https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/07\/Le-mozard-noir-280x183.png 280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 441px) 100vw, 441px\" \/><\/a>Dans la rubrique<b><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em> Cinquante Nuances d&rsquo;Histoires<\/em><\/span><\/b><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em><span style=\"color: #000000;\">,<\/span><\/em><\/span> <span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">Africa &amp; Science<\/span> pr\u00e9sente cette semaine :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><b>Joseph Boulogne dit Chevalier Saint-George<\/b><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"center\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><b>\u00ab\u00a0Le Mozart Noir \u00bb<\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><\/b>S&rsquo;il a quand m\u00eame r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 \u00e9chapper aux pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s de son \u00e9poque, le Chevalier Saint-George a \u00e9t\u00e9 red\u00e9couvert en concerto live seulement dans les ann\u00e9es 1990. Un peu tard pour ce virtuose multi-talents, qui marqua non seulement l&rsquo;histoire de la musique classique parisienne, mais aussi europ\u00e9enne.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i>1) \u00ab\u00a0Les tribulations d&rsquo;un cr\u00e9ole au si\u00e8cle des Lumi\u00e8re \u00bb<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cette figure Afro-R\u00e9sistante n\u00e9e en Guadeloupe, a fait l&rsquo;objet en 2005 d&rsquo;une communication dans les Annales<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>, par le professeur Luc Nemeth, qui pr\u00e9cise la date de naissance du Chevalier et sa filiation. Saint-Georges est n\u00e9 esclave en Guadeloupe\u00a0 le 25 d\u00e9cembre 1745 et son p\u00e8re est Georges de Bologne Saint-Georges, propri\u00e9taire d\u2019une plantation au Bailiff. <b><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Son p\u00e8re Georges de Bologne est un riche planteur d&rsquo;origine hollandaise<\/b>, seigneur de Saint-George et ancien mousquetaire (qui n&rsquo;a rien \u00e0 voir avec la famille de Boulogne ou de Boullongne) et sa m\u00e8re, <b>Anne dite Nanon, une esclave cr\u00e9ole (n\u00e9e en Guadeloupe et non pas au S\u00e9n\u00e9gal, comme il a \u00e9t\u00e9 faussement affirm\u00e9) devenue compagne du ma\u00eetre.<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>L&rsquo;histoire de Joseph commence par un drame assez d\u00e9concertant<\/b>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0Le 17 d\u00e9cembre 1747, Georges de Bologne lors d&rsquo;une soir\u00e9e tr\u00e8s arros\u00e9e au \u00ab\u00a0ponch\u00a0\u00bb, en vient \u00e0 se battre en duel avec le Vanier de Saint-Robert. Ce dernier bless\u00e9 meurt quelques jours plus tard.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Suite \u00e0 cela, il est condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 la pendaison par contumace, mais r\u00e9ussit \u00e0 prendre la fuite, et dans cet \u00e9lan, fait appel \u00e0 son \u00e9pouse l\u00e9gitime pour assurer la protection de son fils adult\u00e9rin et sa ma\u00eetresse qui risquent d&rsquo;\u00eatre confisqu\u00e9s avec tous ses autres biens&#8230;N&rsquo;oublions pas que l&rsquo;esclavage n&rsquo;est pas encore aboli.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pour des raisons assez myst\u00e9rieuses, mais sans doute li\u00e9es aux activit\u00e9s secr\u00e8tes de son pass\u00e9 d&rsquo;ancien mousquetaire, Louis XV intervient in extremis pour lui accorder gr\u00e2ce et r\u00e9habilitation. La famille peut rentrer en Guadeloupe. En 1753, Joseph, affranchi par son p\u00e8re, est envoy\u00e9 en France<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>.<b> <\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 2) La vie Parisienne, l&rsquo;Afro-dandy<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A Paris, Joseph se fait alors conna\u00eetre dans la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 parisienne sous le nom de Chevalier de Saint-George. \u00c0 quinze ans, il int\u00e8gre le corps prestigieux des Gendarmes de la Garde, command\u00e9 par Charles de Rohan-Rohan, prince de Soubise, tout en continuant l&rsquo;\u00e9tude de l&rsquo;escrime et du violon.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00c0 dix-sept ans, il est d\u00e9j\u00e0 consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l&rsquo;un des meilleurs escrimeurs du monde. Mais il excelle \u00e9galement dans d&rsquo;autres disciplines sportives et artistiques \u00e0 la mode (course, nage, danse, patin, tir, \u00e9quitation).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Son africanit\u00e9, g\u00eanante aux yeux de certains, a sans doute motiv\u00e9, Joseph, \u00e0 briller dans des\u00a0 exploits militaires, sportifs qui le font conna\u00eetre d\u00e8s ses d\u00e9buts. Mais c&rsquo;est par la musique qu&rsquo;il imposera le mieux son apport culturel \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 parisienne puis ensuite Europ\u00e9enne.<b> <\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u00a0<\/b>En fr\u00e9quentant les ma\u00eetres talentueux comme Leclair, ou Gossec il devient en effet un virtuose accompli et compose une sonate pour fl\u00fbte et harpe.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0Le professeur et musicologue Michelle Garnier-Panafieu rappelle dans son ouvrage que Gossec et St George sont parmi les premiers compositeurs fran\u00e7ais de quatuors \u00e0 cordes, de symphonies concertantes et de quatuors concertants.\u00a0 Ses premiers quatuors \u00e0 cordes sont jou\u00e9s dans les salons parisiens en 1772.\u00a0<i>\u00ab Pendant la saison de concerts 1772-1773, Joseph dirige et joue deux premiers concertos pour violons aux Amateurs \u00bb, <\/i>pr\u00e9cise C. Ribbe et le journal Le Mercure rapporte qu&rsquo;ils<i> \u00ab ont re\u00e7u les plus grands applaudissements tant pour le m\u00e9rite de l&rsquo;ex\u00e9cution que pour celui de la composition.\u00bb<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Certains ont m\u00eame \u00e9crit\u00a0:<\/b><i><\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>\u00ab Saint-George a t\u00f4t acquis une ma\u00eetrise de la technique et de la sonorit\u00e9, de telle sorte que son talent moelleux sur le violon lui faisait quelquefois donner la pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence sur les plus habiles artistes de son temps&#8230;<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn3\"><b>[3]<\/b><\/a>\u00bb <\/i><b><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><\/b>Saint-George prend la direction du Concert des Amateurs en 1773, r\u00e9ussissant \u00e0 mener de front une carri\u00e8re de chef d&rsquo;orchestre et de compositeur.\u00a0 De 1773 \u00e0 1775, il compose huit concertos pour violon et deux symphonies concertantes.<br \/>\nEn 1775, deux ann\u00e9es apr\u00e8s ses d\u00e9buts de chef d&rsquo;orchestre, \u00ab L&rsquo;Almanach Musical \u00bb qualifie cet ensemble de \u00ab <i>meilleur orchestre symphonique de Paris, voire d&rsquo;Europe<\/i> \u00bb.<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <i>3) Les Noirs de France.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pendant ce temps en France sous l&rsquo;influence raciste du parti colonial alors \u00e9mergeant, les fran\u00e7ais commencent \u00e0 devenir n\u00e9grophobes. C&rsquo;est Voltaire qui ouvre le pas, avec ses th\u00e9ories polyg\u00e9nistes,\u00a0 des\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0Lumi\u00e8res\u00a0\u00bb&#8230; qui pr\u00f4nent l&rsquo;in\u00e9galit\u00e9 des \u00ab races \u00bb et rend taboue la \u00ab mixit\u00e9 \u00bb des unions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rappelons que la pr\u00e9sence d&rsquo;hommes noirs en France est r\u00e9gie par le \u00ab Code\u00a0 Noir \u00bb<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>. Celui-ci r\u00e9git les rapports entre ma\u00eetres et esclaves en vigueur depuis le XVIIe si\u00e8cle.\u00a0 Le 5 avril 1762, le roi Louis XV d\u00e9cr\u00e8te que les n\u00e8gres et gens de couleur doivent se pr\u00e9senter au greffe de l&rsquo;Amiraut\u00e9 dans un d\u00e9lai de deux mois.\u00a0 Nombre de personnalit\u00e9s contemporaines au Chevalier comme Le baron Melchior, influenc\u00e9 par les id\u00e9es racistes de Voltaire, remet en doute le talent cr\u00e9ateur du Chevalier\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><i>\u00a0\u00ab Cette pi\u00e8ce est mieux \u00e9crite qu&rsquo;aucune autre de Monsieur de Saint-George.\u00a0 Et n\u00e9anmoins elle appara\u00eet \u00e9galement d\u00e9pourvue d&rsquo;invention.\u00a0 Ceci rappelle une observation que rien n&rsquo;a encore d\u00e9menti, c&rsquo;est que si la nature a servi d&rsquo;une mani\u00e8re particuli\u00e8re les mul\u00e2tres en leur donnant une aptitude merveilleuse \u00e0 exercer tous les arts d&rsquo;imitation, elle semble cependant leur avoir refus\u00e9 cet \u00e9lan du sentiment et du g\u00e9nie qui produit seul des id\u00e9es neuves et des conceptions originales.\u00a0<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn6\"><b>[6]<\/b><\/a>\u00bb<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ainsi le confirme l&rsquo;Historien Claude Ribbe le terme \u00ab mul\u00e2tre \u00bb est p\u00e9joratif et offensant\u00a0 m\u00eame au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle, tout comme il peut l&rsquo;\u00eatre de nos jours.\u00a0 Par ailleurs l&rsquo;Historien Pierre Bardin a tr\u00e8s bien expliqu\u00e9 dans ses travaux de quelle fa\u00e7on Saint-Georges et d\u2019autres Noirs parviennent au seul prix de leur effort et travaille, \u00e0 gagner le respect et l\u2019admiration. Il parviendra \u00e0 surmonter les pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s raciaux et se rangera id\u00e9ologiquement du c\u00f4t\u00e9 des Anti-voltairiens et Anti-Bonapartistes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0Suscitant \u00e0 la fois l&rsquo;admiration et le malaise, cet Afro-dandy fascine la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de l&rsquo;Ancien r\u00e9gime, dont la fortune repose souvent sur l&rsquo;esclavage et la traite des Africains. Mais derri\u00e8re le Strat\u00e8ge militaire, le r\u00e9volutionnaire et l&rsquo;escrimeur, se cache un g\u00e9nie artistique qui a marqu\u00e9 la vie musicale de son temps, et qui laissera une \u0153uvre importante.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b>Fidel AMOUSSOU-MODERAN<br \/>\nCandidat au Doctorat : Histoire<br \/>\n(Histoire Militaire des Africains de l&rsquo;entre-deux-Guerre \u00e1 aujourd\u2019hui)<br \/>\n-Analyst Expert in m\u00e9dia, Development and conflicts for A.D.I (African Development Initiative)-http:\/\/www.a-d-i.info\/<\/b><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sources\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Michelle Garnier-Panafieu<i>, Un contemporain atypique de Mozart : Le Chevalier de Saint-George, <\/i>YP \u00c9ditions (2011)<\/li>\n<li>Gabriel Banat: <i>Le Chevalier de Saint-Georges: Virtuoso of the Sword and the Bow<\/i>, Pendragon Press, 2006.<\/li>\n<li>Pierre Bardin\u00a0: <i>Joseph de Saint-George, le Chevalier Noir<\/i> (2006)<\/li>\n<li>Daniel Marciano: <i>Le chevalier de Saint-Georges, le fils de No\u00e9mie<\/i>. France: Thespis, 2005.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Luc Nemeth: <i>Un \u00c9tat-Civil Charg\u00e9 D&rsquo;Enjeux\u00a0: Saint-George, 1745-1799<\/i>. Annales historiques de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise, 2005, N\u00b0 1.<\/li>\n<li>Jean-Claude Halley: <i>Chevalier de Saint-Georges racont\u00e9 aux enfants<\/i>. Editions Sc\u00e9r\u00e9n &#8211; Crdp Guadeloupe, 2005.<\/li>\n<li>Claude Ribbe: <i>Le chevalier de Saint-George.<\/i> France: Perrin, 2004.<\/li>\n<li>Alain Gu\u00e9d\u00e9: <i>Monsieur de Saint-George: Le n\u00e8gre des Lumi\u00e8res<\/i>. Arles, Actes Sud, 1999. Englisch von Gilda M. Roberts, 2005.<\/li>\n<li>Emil Smidak:<i> Joseph Boulogne nomm\u00e9 Chevalier de Saint-Georges<\/i>. Lucerne: Avenira 1996.<\/li>\n<li>Odet Denys: <i>Qui \u00e9tait le chevalier de Saint-George?<\/i>, 1972.<\/li>\n<li>Gaston Bourgeois: <i>Le Chevalier de Saint-George: Mistakes His Biographers Have Made<\/i>. <i>In: Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 d&rsquo;histoire de la Guadeloupe<\/i>, 1964.<\/li>\n<li>Roger de Beauvoir: Le<i> Chevalier de Saint-George<\/i> (Roman), 1840.<\/li>\n<li>Joseph Michaud (Hg.) Biographie universelle Michaud, vol. XXXIX, 1812.<\/li>\n<li>Romane \u00fcber sein Leben schrieben in neuerer Zeit Roland Brival (1991), Daniel Picouly (2003) und Daniel Marciano (2005).<\/li>\n<li>Dokumentarfilm \u00fcber Joseph Bologne Chevalier de Saint-Georges mit dem Titel <i>Le Mozart Noir<\/i>\n<p><b><\/b><\/li>\n<li><b>Audio Samples:<\/b><b><\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><b><br \/>\n1 <\/b>AFKA SK-557 (2003)<i>; Chevalier de Saint-<br \/>\nGeorges: String Quartets<\/i>; Coleridge String<br \/>\nQuartet<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/chevalierdesaintgeorges.homestead.com\/saintgeorges_string_5.mp3\"><b>String Quartet No. 3 in C Major<\/b><\/a><b>\u00a0 <\/b>(Sample Time<br \/>\n5:03)<b><br \/>\n2 <\/b>Cedille 90000 035 (1997); <i>Violin Concertos By<br \/>\nBlack Composers of the 18th &amp; 19th Centuries<\/i>;<br \/>\nRachel Barton, violin; Encore<br \/>\nChamber Orchestra; Daniel Hege, Conductor<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/chevalierdesaintgeorges.homestead.com\/Cedille035SGRondeau.mp3\"><b>Violin Concerto in A Major, Op. 5, No. 2<\/b><\/a><br \/>\nFor additional samples, see the Audio page or the pages on Saint-George&rsquo;s Violin Concertos, Symphonies and String Quartets.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Violin Concertos, Op. 5, Nos. 1 &amp; 2;<br \/>\nOp. 3, No. 1; Op. 8, No. 9<br \/>\nBernard Thomas Chamber Orchestra<br \/>\nJean-Jacques Kantorow, Violin<br \/>\nArion 68093 (1990)<\/li>\n<li>\/Joseph Boulogne Chavalier de Saint Georges,Violin Concertos \/ (https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yN9_weY_Hls<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify;\"><br clear=\"all\" \/><\/p>\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\" \/>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Luc Nemeth Annales historiques de la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise \u2013 n\u00b0 339, janvier 2005, pp. 79-97 :\u00a0 Un \u00c9tat-Civil Charg\u00e9 D&rsquo;Enjeux : Saint-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 George, 1745-1799<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Claude Ribbe: <i>Le chevalier de Saint-George.<\/i> France: Perrin, 2004.\/http:\/\/www.chevalier-de-saint-george.com<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Jo\u00ebl Marie Fauquet, le livret du disque Arion 55445 (1999), le violoniste<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Michelle Garnier-Panafieu<i>, Un contemporain atypique de Mozart : Le Chevalier de Saint-George, <\/i>YP \u00c9ditions (2011)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gabriel Banat, nous apprend que 159 personnes afro-descendantes ont ainsi \u00e9t\u00e9 recens\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><i>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Michelle Garnier-Panafieu,,Ibid<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><!--[if !mso]>\n\n\n<style>\nv\\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}\no\\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}\nw\\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}\n.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}\n<\/style>\n\n\n<![endif]--><\/p>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"left\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"82\" height=\"0\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><img loading=\"lazy\" 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Chevalier Saint-George a \u00e9t\u00e9 red\u00e9couvert en concerto live seulement dans les ann\u00e9es 1990. Un peu tard pour ce virtuose multi-talents, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,20],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7284","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-diaspora","category-point-de-vue-opinion"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7284"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7284"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7284\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7286,"href":"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7284\/revisions\/7286"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/africa-and-science.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}